SUMMARY

Invasive meningococcal disease is a rare but serious infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis.

Serogroup B was the predominant serogroup causing invasive meningococcal disease in Australia until 2015. Serogroup W disease has increased substantially since 2014, and in 2017, serogroups B and W caused similar numbers of invasive disease cases.

Vaccines against serogroups A, C, W, Y and B are available for anyone who wishes to reduce the risk of meningococcal disease.

Vaccination is strongly recommended for people in high-risk age or population groups. These are children under 2 years, 15–19 year olds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, and people with medical, occupational, behavioural or travel-related risk factors for invasive meningococcal disease.

Meningococcal ACWY vaccine is funded under the National Immunisation Program for babies aged 12 months. Since April 2019, it has been funded for year 10 students through a school program. There are additional state and territory-based programs for both meningococcal ACWY and meningococcal B vaccines.

 

Introduction

Neisseria meningitidis is normally a commensal of the nasopharynx. However, it has the potential to invade the mucosa and cause invasive meningococcal disease, which most commonly presents as meningitis, septicaemia or both. There are 13 serogroups of N. meningitidis. Groups A, B, C, W135, Y and X cause the majority of disease.1

Transmission occurs via large-droplet spread or direct contact with oral secretions. Carriage rates vary by population worldwide and by age. Asymptomatic carriage is most common in adolescents and young adults.2 The incidence of invasive disease is highest in 0–4 year olds, especially infants, with a secondary peak in late adolescence and young adults. Invasive meningococcal disease is more common in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.

 

Risk factors

Risk factors for invasive disease include immune deficiencies such as asplenia, complement deficiencies and haemoglobinopathies, smoking, living in close quarters with other people, occupational exposure to N. meningitidis, and travel to highly endemic countries.

 

Incidence of disease

The incidence of invasive disease in Australia remains low, but has been increasing in recent years, with significant shifts in serogroup predominance as shown in the Figure. Universal meningococcal C vaccination was introduced to the National Immunisation Program in 2003 and resulted in a 94% reduction in serogroup C disease by 2017. Serogroup B has been the dominant serogroup in Australia for two decades, although its incidence has declined naturally in recent years even before the availability of meningococcal B vaccines.3 Since 2014, serogroups W and Y have caused increased cases of invasive disease.

Fig. - Quarterly cases and annual rate of invasive meningococcal disease in Australia (1 January 2008 to 31 December 2018) by serogroup

Graph showing the quarterly number of notifications of invasive meningococcal disease (for serogroups A, B, C, E, W, Y) and the overall rate (per 100,000 population) from 1 Jan 2008 to 30 Jun 2018.

IMD invasive meningococcal disease
Men meningococcal serogroup
NG not groupable – includes meningococcal isolates that could not be identified, other isolates not grouped and where serogroup was not known
Q quarter

Source: www.health.gov.au/internet/mai... (accessed 2019 Jul 1)
Data extracted from National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System on 2019 Feb 1

 

Meningococcal vaccines and recommendations

There are currently two groups of meningococcal vaccines available in Australia:

  • conjugate vaccines for protection against serogroups A, C, W and Y
  • recombinant protein-based vaccines for protection against serogroup B.

Conjugate vaccines against serogroup C alone remain available as catch-up vaccines, e.g. NeisVac-C and Menitorix (the Hib-MenC vaccine). Polysaccharide vaccines are no longer supplied or recommended for use in Australia.

Quadrivalent meningococcal (MenACWY) conjugate vaccines

Three quadrivalent conjugate vaccines against groups A, C, W and Y are currently available. They contain capsular polysaccharide antigens conjugated to a protein carrier:

  • Nimenrix – tetanus toxoid carrier
  • Menveo – diphtheria CRM197 carrier
  • Menactra – diphtheria toxoid carrier.

Indications and dosing schedules recommended by the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation vary by age and risk,4 and are outlined in the Table. A single dose of Nimenrix is funded on the National Immunisation Program for babies aged 12 months. Since April 2019, year 10 students (aged 14–16 years) can receive the vaccine via a school-based program, with a catch-up dose available through general practice for 15–19 year olds who missed it at school. In recent years, individual states and territories have funded MenACWY vaccines for adolescents or provided them extensively, especially to high-risk age groups for control of outbreaks.

Table - Meningococcal vaccine 2019 recommendations by age and risk group

An A3 single-page version of this table is available.


Medically at risk

Healthy individuals

Occupationally at risk

Travellers

Who should be vaccinated?

Those with medical risk factors for invasive meningococcal disease, including:

  • complement deficiencies
  • current or future treatment with eculizumab
  • haemoglobinopathies
  • haematopoietic stem cell transplant
  • functional/anatomical asplenia
  • people living with HIV

Anyone aged ≥6 weeks who wishes to reduce their risk of invasive meningococcal disease, and in particular the following high-risk demographics:

  • infants aged <2 years
  • adolescents aged 15–19 years
  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged <15 years
  • adults aged 20–24 years who live in close quarters (e.g. military, student accommodation)
  • adults aged 20–24 years who smoke

E.g. laboratory workers who handle Neisseria meningitidis

Travellers aged ≥6 weeks travelling to a country endemic for meningococcal A, C, W or Y, as well as Hajj pilgrims

Which vaccine(s) are recommended?

MenACWY

MenB

MenACWY

MenB

MenACWY

MenB

MenACWY

Which vaccine(s) are NIP funded?

Nil

National Immunisation Program: Nimenrix (MenACWY) is funded at 12 months (GP) and at School Year 10 (14–16 years, school-based program), with catch-up for 15–19 year olds who have not received a dose previously (GP based).

Nil

Nil

6 weeks – 5 months

6–8 months

9–11 months

12–23 months

≥2 years

6 weeks – 5 months

6–8 months

9–11 months

12–23 months

≥2 years

MenACWY

Further MenACWY booster doses required?

4 doses

Minimum 8-week intervals. 4th dose at 12 months of age or 8 weeks after 3rd dose, whichever is later

3 doses

Minimum 8-week intervals. 3rd dose at 12 months of age or 8 weeks after 2nd dose, whichever is later

3 doses

Minimum 8-week intervals. 3rd dose at 12 months of age or 8 weeks after 2nd dose, whichever is later

2 doses

Minimum 8-week interval

2 doses

Minimum 8-week interval

3 doses

Minimum 8-week intervals

3rd dose at 12 months of age or 8 weeks after 2nd dose, whichever is later

2 doses

2nd dose at 12 months of age

2 doses

2nd dose at 12 months of age

Nimenrix: 1 dose

Menveo/Menactra: 2 doses, 8 weeks apart

One dose

Dosing depends on presence of medical risk factors or not

Dosing depends on presence of medical risk factors or not

Preferred brands (MenACWY)

Menveo or Nimenrix

(Menactra not registered for use for this age group)

Menveo, Nimenrix or Menactra*

Menveo or Nimenrix preferred to Menactra*

Menveo or Nimenrix

(Menactra not registered for use for this age group)

Menveo, Nimenrix or Menactra*

Menveo or Nimenrix preferred to Menactra*

Menveo or Nimenrix preferred to Menactra*

Menveo or Nimenrix preferred to Menactra*

Further MenACWY booster doses required?

Yes, if ongoing increased risk of invasive meningococcal disease

If age ≤6 when completed initial MenACWY vaccination course, give MenACWY booster 3 years after primary schedule, then every 5 years

If age ≥7 when completed course, give MenACWY booster every 5 years

No, not required

Yes, every 5 years

Yes, every 5 years if ongoing risk

6 weeks – 5 months

6–11 months

12 months – 9 years

≥10 years

6 weeks – 11 months

12 months–9 years

≥10 years

MenB

MenB dosing schedule by age at first dose

Bexsero: 4 doses, minimum 8-week intervals, 4th dose at 12 months or 8 weeks after 3rd dose, whichever is later

Bexsero: 3 doses, minimum 8-week intervals, 3rd dose at 12 months or 8 weeks after 2nd dose, whichever is later

Bexsero: 2 doses, minimum 8-week interval

Bexsero: 2 doses, minimum 8-week interval

Trumenba: 3 doses. Dose 2 should be ≥4 weeks after dose 1. Dose 3 ≥4 months after dose 2 and ≥6 months after dose 1

Bexsero: 3 doses

Minimum 8-week intervals, 3rd dose at 12 months or 8 weeks after 2nd dose, whichever is later

Bexsero: 2 doses

Minimum 8-week interval

Bexsero: 2 doses, minimum 8-week interval

Trumenba: 2 doses, minimum 6-month interval

Dosing depends on presence of medical risk factors or not

MenB is not routinely recommended for travellers

* Menactra should not be co-administered with Prevenar 13
Men meningococcal serogroup
NIP National Immunisation Program
These data are summarised from the online Australian Immunisation Handbook, December 2018.4

An A3 single-page version of this table is available.


Nimenrix and Menveo induce a slightly better antibody level and persistence than Menactra in individuals over two years of age,5,6 and are the preferred brands above this age.4 For those who require more than one dose for the primary course, it is preferable to use the same brand. However, if it is unavailable, an alternate age-appropriate brand can be used to complete the course.

Protective effectiveness of MenACWY vaccines may decline over time. An observational study in the USA showed that among adolescents, the effectiveness of Menactra in adolescents against all serogroups was highest in the first year after vaccination (79%), but decreased to 61% after 3–8 years.7 Revaccination of adolescents is safe, but is not routinely recommended in Australia.

MenACWY vaccines are well tolerated and severe adverse events are rare. They can be co-administered with other routine vaccines in the National Immunisation Program with one exception – Menactra should not be co-administered with the pneumococcal vaccine Prevenar 13, as this may reduce the immune response to some pneumococcal serotypes.8 If they are both used, plan to give Prevenar 13 first, followed by Menactra at least four weeks later if possible. If Menactra and Prevenar 13 are inadvertently co-administered, a dose of Prevenar 13 should be repeated after an interval of at least eight weeks.4

Recombinant meningococcal B (MenB) vaccines

Two recombinant protein-based multicomponent vaccines against serogroup B disease are currently available:

  • Bexsero (also called MenB-MC) – contains multiple recombinant protein components and outer membrane vesicles of a strain of serogroup B meningococcus
  • Trumenba – contains two subfamilies of factor-H binding protein (fHBP).

Indications and dosing schedules by age are summarised in the Table. MenB vaccines are currently not funded on the National Immunisation Program, but are available by private prescription. In South Australia, they are available through a state-based program.

Given the low incidence of meningococcal B disease, vaccine efficacy in pre-approval studies was inferred from immune responses to the component antigens, rather than from clinical end points.

Bexsero (MenB-MC) can be used from age six weeks, according to the Australian Immunisation Handbook.4 A meta-analysis of immunogenicity studies found that 92% of children and adolescents achieved seroconversion 30 days after the primary vaccination course. However the long-term immunogenicity against some strains was suboptimal.9 Early effectiveness data from the UK, where universal MenB-MC vaccination was introduced in 2015, showed that a two-dose primary regimen was 82.9% effective (95% confidence interval 24.1–95.2) against all strains of meningococcal B in infants, observed up to 10 months after vaccination.10 The cost-effectiveness of universal MenB-MC vaccination is affected by the country-specific incidence of meningococcal B disease.11 The incidence in Australia is relatively low compared to countries that adopted universal vaccination, at 0.47 cases per 100 000 in 2015.3

Trumenba is registered for use from 10 years of age. Assessment of its clinical effectiveness is not yet available.

Bexsero and Trumenba are not interchangeable and the same brand must be used to complete the vaccination course. Bexsero contains four major antigens that are preserved across multiple species of Neisseria, and may provide some protection against other capsular groups. However the extent of clinically important cross-protection is not known.12,13

MenB vaccines can be co-administered with MenACWY vaccines as well as other routine vaccinations. Fever is a very common adverse event following administration of Bexsero in young children and is more likely if Bexsero is co-administered with other vaccines. This risk can be reduced by separating administration of Bexsero from other vaccines (e.g. by at least three days). Prophylactic paracetamol is recommended for all children under two years receiving Bexsero in Australia.4

 

Conclusion

­­Safe and effective vaccines are available for prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by the most dominant serogroups in Australia. Primary care immunisation service providers are important for facilitating widespread uptake of meningococcal vaccines. MenACWY vaccine is provided for children aged 12 months and adolescents under the National Immunisation Program.

The MenACWY and MenB vaccines are strongly recommended for individuals at increased risk of invasive meningococcal disease. However, only the MenACWY vaccine is recommended for people travelling to regions where serogroups A, C, W, or Y are endemic. Health professionals should look out for at-risk patients and discuss vaccination options with them. Meningococcal vaccination is available for anyone who would like to reduce the risk of invasive meningococcal disease.

Conflict of interest: none declared

 
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References

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  8. American Academy of Pediatrics. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Pediatrics 2013;132:e1463.
  9. Flacco ME, Manzoli L, Rosso A, Marzuillo C, Bergamini M, Stefanati A, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the multicomponent meningococcal B vaccine (4CMenB) in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2018;18:461-72.
  10. Parikh SR, Andrews NJ, Beebeejaun K, Campbell H, Ribeiro S, Ward C, et al. Effectiveness and impact of a reduced infant schedule of 4CMenB vaccine against group B meningococcal disease in England: a national observational cohort study. Lancet 2016;388:2775-82.
  11. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Expert opinion on the introduction of the meningococcal B (4CMenB) vaccine in the EU/EEA. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017. [cited 2019 Jul 1]
  12. Petousis-Harris H, Paynter J, Morgan J, Saxton P, McArdle B, Goodyear‑Smith F, et al. Effectiveness of a group B outer membrane vesicle meningococcal vaccine against gonorrhoea in New Zealand: a retrospective case-control study. Lancet 2017;390:1603-10.
  13. Ladhani SN, Giuliani MM, Biolchi A, Pizza M, Beebeejaun K, Lucidarme J, et al. Effectiveness of meningococcal B vaccine against endemic hypervirulent Neisseria meningitidis W strain, England. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:309-11.
 
 

Ketaki Sharma

Clinical fellow, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney

Clayton Chiu

Public health physician, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney

Conjoint lecturer, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney

Nicholas Wood

Senior clinical research fellow, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney

Associate professor, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney